HRC adjustable pneumatic swing-phase control knee
S. Nakamura *
S. Sawamura *
Abstract
Since 1972 the Hyogo Rehabilitation Centre has been developing a variable-resistance-type pneumatic control device, the HRC Adjustable Pneumatic Swing-Phase Control Knee. Successful field tests have been carried out on 20 cases with Model IV since 1973 with only a limited number of mechanical troubles.
This paper introduces the HRC adjustable pneumatic swing-phase control knee with follow-up studies.
Objectives
Recently pneumatic swing-phase control devices providing improved control of the knee over wide ranges of walking speeds have been developed. Pneumatic control knees such as those produced by Blatchford or Hosmer have been commercially available (Veterans Administration Program Guide, 1973) which have shown superior swing-phase characteristics (Radcliffe and Lamoreux, 1968; Lewis, 1971). Because of the difference in the way of life between western countries and Japan, it is not only expensive for the amputee to get these pneumatic knees from other countries, but also difficult to get follow-up services. In designing the HRC unit, two major points have been taken into account.
The need to speed up the prosthetic gait whenever the amputee requires a faster, safe speed such as when crossing a busy road. To this end adjustability of the speed of prosthetic gait by the amputee himself is desirable.
The desire to reduce the terminal impact which is caused by increased speed in gait.
To fulfil those major points for a pneumatic swing-phase control unit, the following three
independent functions are necessary (Radcliffe, 1973):
Resistance to excessive heel rise between toe off and the instant of maximum knee flexion.
Voluntary adjustment of the acceleration by amputee himself from maximum knee flexion to maximum forward velocity.
Reduction of terminal impact.
Since September 1972, the Centre has built 6 models, the latter 4 with the technical aid of the Nippon Air Brake Company. Model I realized the desired kinematic behaviour of the pneumatic knee, and in Model II the outside bypass was modified by incorporating it within the piston-rod. Adjustable resistance for a sliding mechanism and a cushion mechanism for a terminal impact were added to Model III and in Model IV a check valve was added in the piston to increase the walking speed. Field tests were performed with Model IV and V (Fig. 1 ).
Description of Model IV unit
The HRC pneumatic control unit Model IV consists of the following; a pneumatic cylinder, a knee block, and a wood shank which contains the cylinder. The attachment of the unit to the knee block is by a pin passing through the piston rod head into bushes 3 cm. posterior to the knee bolt. The movement of air is limited by the piston. The rate of leakage between upper and lower cylinder can be varied by a needle valve which is contained within the piston rod. It is adjusted by operating an adjustment screw in the head of the piston rod and located to the rear of the knee joint. This mechanism enables the amputee to adjust the slide resistance of the piston in a natural manner without any supplementary devices.
Inside the cylinder head, there is a small air chamber A (Fig. 2) which can act as an air cushion mechanism as the knee comes into full extension. When the largest part of the pistonrod (oD) comes to the cushion seal in the cylinder head, the air of the chamber A is trapped and a cushion effect can be obtained because the rate of air-release through the cushion valve is very small. This cushion valve is also adjustable. With this system, the reduction of terminal impact was much more pronounced than without it (Nakamura and Sawamura, 1973).
A frictional durability test of the pneumatic cylinder was performed and Fig. 3 shows the test conditions. During this test temperature and size of the parts were not affected (Nakamura and Kayatani, 1974). Fig. 4 shows the material of the cylinder.
Field test and evaluation
After obtaining a successful result in the mechanical durability test, a field test of Model IV was performed for 20 cases. The evaluation programme consisted of three groups as follows.
Objective evaluation tests by physical therapist.
Subjective evaluation to check the acceptability by the amputee.
Biomechanical tests with measuring instruments. Details of the test programme are shown in Fig. 5.
The 20 amputees participating in the study have been wearing the test unit since 1973. They were classified into 5 groups, H, K, M, S and L, according to the amputation levels. Details of test subjects as shown in Fig. 6, Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. Average gait training period was 3 months.
The results of objective evaluation test are shown in Fig. 9 . The abbreviations C and N are used to represent the results of the pneumatically controlled knees and non-controlled knees respectively. The difference between C and N can be regarded as an effect of the characteristics of the HRC knee because the tests were performed under the same conditions, that is, same fitting and same alignment, except for attaching the pneumatic cylinder to the knee joint. Each figure in Fig. 9 represents the average value of each group, the total average value in each test being given in the final column.
From the normal gait speed test it can be seen that the control unit improves 16 seconds on average for the amputee to walk 100 metres; Groups M and Lare dominant in improving their gait speed among the 5 groups. The dominance of Groups M and L holds in 100 metre fast gait speed test as well as in the cadence test. The double-stride test indicates that with this control unit amputees could make their double-stride 12 cm longer. However the unit has no particular merit for slopes and stairs.
In the gait analysis of Fig. 10 , excessive heel rise and terminal impact are greatly improved. It may seem strange but lateral bending of the trunk is reduced by using this unit. According to the table, symmetry of the strides is lost but this means that the stride of the affected side is nearly 1 cm longer than the unaffected side. The average total weight of the above knee prosthesis was about 4 kg and the pneumatic cylinder unit weighed 400 gm.
In the subjective evaluation test programme, many of the amputees under test felt they were able to walk more easily and faster than before (Fig. 11 ). The pneumatic control unit did not provide any stance-phase control, however many amputees felt that the stability of the knee was improved at the beginning of the stance-phase.
The knee flexion angle during prosthetic gait was measured with a high-speed camera, film motion analyser, and PDP-12 minicomputer. The maximum knee flexion angle during swing-phase in each group reached normal value except H Group (Fig. 12 ). To measure the inner pressures of the pneumatic cylinder miniature type pressure transducers were attached to points A, B, and C as can be seen in Fig. 13. Typical pressures are shown in Fig. 14 . Negative pressures in chamber A and the upper cylinder contribute to reduction of excessive heel rise and acceleration of the shank. Positive pressure in the chamber A is used to reduce the terminal impact.
Mechanical problems
During this field test several types of mechanical troubles were experienced in a limited number of cases.
Trouble occurred at the needle valve with Model IV in 3 cases out of 20. When the wearer revolved the adjustment screw too tightly, the needle valve was inserted too firmly into the hole in the piston and did not work well.
The problem of noisy joints was solved by using Oiles no. 80 bushes.
Breakdown of the cylinder rod-head occurred in 2 cases with Model IV which resulted in the wearer suffering a violent fall. Another case of breakdown was in a through knee prosthesis; as the knee joint hyperextended repeatedly, the cylinder rod-head broke down after 2 years.
Trouble has occurred in one case out of 50 with Model V. The bakelite of the bearing at the knee joint wore out and would not work after 2 years of constant use. To avoid these problems the models were changed 3 times. The last type is the Model VI (Fig. 15 ) and field test of it started in May 1977.
Summary
The amputee can voluntarily change the acceleration at the beginning of swing-phase by adjusting the rate of air leakage of the pneumatic cylinder without any supplementary devices. This unit furnishes the mechanism for reduction of terminal impact. Voluntary acceleration and reduction of terminal impact provides
an amputee with smoother and faster gait on level walking. This improvement is dominant especially in the case of long and medium length above knee stumps.
The 20 cases of Model IV and 50 cases of Model V have been field tested successfully except for a limited number of mechanical troubles. Negative reaction of test subjects are non existent, they all want to wear the unit.
To solve the mechanical troubles experienced during the field tests with Model IV and V, Model VI was developed.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank the Nippon Air Brake Co. Ltd. and Mr. K. Amemori for their technical support and Mr. S. Suzuki, RPT and Mr. M. Nishioka, RPT for their help to evaluate these units clinically.
The development of Model VI is partly supported from the Mitsubishi Fund in Japan.
References:
Lewis, E. A. (1971). Clinical evaluation of a pneumatic knee system. The University of California Biomechanics Laboratory Swing-Control Unit. Bull Pros. Res., 10-15, 85-94.
Nakamura, S. and Sawamura, S. (1973). Development of pneumatic swing-phase control knee. Proc. 16th Joint Conference on Automatic Control in Japan, 16, 329.
Nakamura, S. and Nishioka, M. (1973). Evaluation of HRC pneumatic swing-phase control knee. Jap. J. Phys. Ther. and Occ. Ther., 8, 253.
Nakamura, S. and Kayatani, F. (1974). Development of pneumatic gait-control device. Jap. J. Hydraulics and Pneumatics, 12, 53.
Radcliffe, C. W. and Lamoreux, L. W. (1968). UC-BL pneumatic swing control unit for above-knee prostheses. Bull Pros. Res., 10-10, 73-89.
Radcliffe, C. W. (1973). Biomechanics of swing phase control in prosthetic knee mechanisms. Proc. 1st International Congress on Prosthetics Techniques and Functional Rehabilitation, 4,275.
Veterans Administration Program Guide (1972). Selection and application of knee mechanisms. Bult. Pros. Res., 10-18, 90-158.
|
ISPO Home
